The Effect Of The Decreased Fish Quality To The Chemical Quality Flour Of Fish Treated By Traditional Method

Firmansyah Anas Annafi

Abstract: This study is aimed to determine treatment effect on the long decline of fish quality to fish flour chemical quality processed by traditional methods. Quality parameters studied includes moisture content (%), protein content (% db), fat content (%), ash content (%), and yield (%). Long decline of the quality of treatment consists of 0 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, and 24 hours.
The results showed that the long decline of the quality of fish had significant effect (p <0.05) on the levels of protein, fat, water and fish meal qualities. The longer the deterioration of quality of fish, the higher water and the - fat content, whereas protein levels decreased.
The best treatment was kept the fish for 0 hours and 6 hours. Quality value resulting from treatment of 0 hours were 3.26%, 56,37%, 6,93%, 20,68% and 15.61% for water content, protein content, fat content, ash content and yield, respectively and for the 6 hour were 4.60%, 55.60%, 8.41%, 21.39% and 13.38% for water content, protein content, fat content, ash content and yield, respectively.
Keywords: fish meal, quality, long decline

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Kemunduran mutu ikan lele dumbo (Clarias gariepinus) pada Penyimpanan suhu chilling dengan perlakuan cara mati

Quality Changes of Dumbo Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) by Killing Techniques

During Chilling Temperature Storage

Mala Nurilmala, Nurjanah, Rahadian Hardja Utama

Abstract: The time of prerigor, rigor mortis, initial postrigor, and the end postrigor phase of catfish killed instantly in 0, 9, 57, and 144 hours was investigated. In addition, the time of prerigor, rigor mortis, initial postrigor, and the end of postrigor phase of catfish killed after 12 hours without water media were 0, 6, 42, and 120 hours. Freshness declination of catfish killed instantly slower than killed after 12 hours without water media. Fish killed instantly had 5.1x105 colonies/g TPC (Total Plate Count) value and 24.36 mg N/100 TVB (Total Volatile Base) value. The sensory value for eyes, gills, mucus of body surface, meats, odor, and texture at the end of storage (the sixth day) was 3.95, 4.05, 4.30, 4.45, 4.45 and 3.45 respectively. On the other hand the fish killed after 12 hours without water media had 1,2x106 colonies /g, TPC value and 25,2 mg N/100 g TVB value. The sensory value for eyes, gills, mucus of body surface, meats, odor, and texture at the end of storage (the sixth day) was 2.3, 2.2, 2.8, 3.9, 3.7 and 2.85, respectively.
Keywords: catfish, fish quality, low temperature

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KARAKTERISTIK STABILITAS PEMECAH GELOMBANG KANTONG PASIR TIPE TENGGELAM

Ferry Fatnanta2, Widi Agoes Pratikto1, Haryo Dwito Armono1, & Wahyudi Citrosiswoyo

Abstract: The Stability Characteristics of Sandbag Submerged Breakwater. Breakwater is one of coastal structures to overcome problems of abrasion. Due to difficulties in obtaining rock material at the coastal area. The using of sandbags as a breakwater provides advantages in utilizing local materials. A Sandbag has a smooth surface, so the internal shear forces are relatively small. According to these phenomena, the research for parameters that are expected to affect the stability of the sand bags. These parameters are a slope, shape and formation of sand bags. This experimental research conducted in two dimensional physical model and took place on the flume tank of Ocean Engineering Department, Faculty of Marine Technology, ITS. Scaled model 1 : 10. The bag was made in shapes, B1 and B2. Sand bags were prepared with the slope 1 : 1.5 and 1 : 2,0, width of top was 60 cm. The waves were regular waves, period of 1.5 seconds. The wave height was adjusted with the level of stability sand bags. It showed that the response of the sandbag was influenced by interlocking between sandbags. As a result, the stability depended on the change of wave forces, as a consequence of the change of slope and cross areas due to sandbags shape and formation type.

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ANALISIS REGULASI SISTEM MANAJEMEN KEAMANAN PANGAN TUNA DI INDONESIA DAN NEGARA TUJUAN EKSPOR

Wini Trilaksani, Maria Bintang, Daniel R Monintja, M Hubeis

Abstract: Tuna’s exporting activities nowdays is still facing problem related with the stringent regulation and the complexity of sanitation program implemented in importing countries which triggers scores of rejection. This article discusses the analysis of regulation associated with seafood safety management system and tuna’s technical regulation initiated by Codex Alimentarius Comission (CAC), importing countries and Indonesia. Study was accomplished with content analysis method for seafood safety management system regulation instigated in importing countries and Indonesia using CAC references. Scoring method was achieved in analyzing tuna end-product technical regulation covering various indicators explicitly histamine, heavy metal and microbiology. Result of content analysis which refer to elements of food quality and safety management system recomended by Codex namely determination of good food material criteria, implementation of risk analysis in identification and characterization of potential hazard, implementation of food safety control based on risk analysis outcomes and establishing guidelines for hygienic food handling show that United States dan European Union had already formularized and performed those recomendation, meanwhile Canada, Japan, China and Indonesia had yet entirely executed the regulation. In accordance with the criteria of organizational structure for National Food Control Systems, the European Union and Canada implement integrated agency system, Japan has single agency system, in the meantime Indonesia, United States and China possess multiple agency system. Scoring analysis on tunas technical regulation reveal that European Union has the strictest standard following by USA, Indonesia, Canada, Cina, Japan and Codex respectively.

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PERUBAHAN KANDUNGAN MIKROFLORA AKIBAT PENAMBAHAN STARTER Pediococcus acidilactici F-11 DAN GARAM SELAMA FERMENTASI PEDA

Rinto

Abstract: Peda is one of traditional fermented fish product. The addition of culture starter gives effect towards fermentation process. The purpose of this research was to know has present of microflora / microorganisms during fish fermentation by Pediococcus acidilactici F-11 as a starter. Peda was processed from Indiana mackerel fish (Rastrelliger neglectus) with different salt concentrations i.e. 20%, 25%, and 30%, with P. acidilactici F-11 was used as a starter. Batch without starter was used as a control. The result showed that peda with P. acidilactici as starter can decreased coliform number to 2 log cycles from 1,3 x 106 to 1,7 x 104 CFU and reduced histamine forming bacteria to 3 log cycle from 1,2 x 106 to 3,8 x 103 CFU in start of fish fermentation process, but in the end of process, the numbers of bacteria was not different, so P. acidilactici F-11 as starter was effective used in start of fish fermentation process.

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KOMPOSISI JUMLAH DAN UKURAN PANJANG IKAN CAKALANG DAN TONGKOL HASIL TANGKAPAN PAYANG DI PERAIRAN PALABUHANRATU DAN BINUANGEUN

Domu Simbolon

Abstract: Palabuhanratu and Binuangeun waters are the central of potential fish catching activities in West Java and Banten Province. Fish resources which have important economic value from these waters are skipjack and frigate mackerel. Exploitation of these fish resources will be higher in future because demand of market from Jakarta tend to increase. The objective of this study is to know the amount and length size composition of skipjackand frigate mackerel cought by “payang” (surrounding net). The research method in this study was survey method through experimental fishing. The fish length composition of frigate mackerel cought in Binuangeun waters on period of March-May 2008 were dominated by large fish (65%), with the higher productivity found on May (482 kg/setting). Frigate mackerel cought in Palabuhanratu waters on period of March-May 2007 were dominated by small fish (73%), with the higher prouctivity on April (701 kg/setting). Moreover, skipjack catches in Palabuhanratu waters on period of Agust-October 2007 were dominated by small fish (71%), with the higher productivity on September (15,555 kg/vessel).

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PENGGUNAAN KITOSAN SEBAGAI PENGISI DALAM PEMBUATAN SABUN TRANSPARAN

Bustami Ibrahim, Pipih Suptijah, Hijrah Amin

Abstract: Chitosan is a natural material extracted from deacetylated chitin of crustacean shell used for many kinds of functions, not only for food but also non food product. The research objective is to find out the effect of chitosan used for filler within transparency soap to the characteristic of physical, chemical and bioeffect of end product, and to find out which concentrate of chitosan will be used for the best product. The research was divided by two steps, pre-research and main research. Pre-research resulted that transparency soap with 5% chitosan was the best choice based on organoleptic test which was the best in toughness, and based on chemical also microbiological analyses. The soap with 5% chitosan has TPC (Total Plate Count) amount to 2.0x101, while the one without chitosan contained TPC 6.5x101. The main research showed that transparency soap with 5% chitosan has better quality compare to commercialized one.

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KARAKTERISTIK COMPOSITE BIOFIBER TEXTILE BERBAHAN DASAR KITOSAN DAN POLIVINIL ALKOHOL (PVA) MELALUI PROSES PEMINTALAN BASAH

Bambang Riyanto, Ruddy Suwandi, Ikhwan Dimas Permana

Abstract: The aim of this research is to obtain characteristics of composite biofiber textile prepared using 10% chitosan as base material with addition of polyvinyl alcohol at various levels of 20%, 22%, 24% and 26% (w/v) by wet spinning process. Stages of the study included solution formulation, viscosity solution measurement, wet spnining process and formation the biofiber composite textile, the last measurement of chemical and physical characteristics of biofiber composite textile such as tensile strength, the percentage of elongation at break and fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR). The viscosity values of biofiber composite textile solution are 4,08 ± 0,00 cP - 5,43 ± 0,00 cP; the obtained biofiber composite has pale yellow colour with alkali smell and has appearance like rope with diameter for each ranges about 1,60 ± 0,08 mm - 1,50 ± 0,16 mm. The physical characteristics such as tensile strenght was 16,23 ± 2,23 cN - 24,05 ± 0,87 cN and percentage of elongation at break were 15,08 ± 1,04%-18,72 ± 0,93%. Chemical interaction between functional group of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol indicated by the changes in the value of NH2 long wave group of chitosan at the peak of spectrophotometric reading.

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Karakteristik Fisik dan Kimia Tepung Cangkang Kijing Lokal (Pilsbryoconcha exilis)

Asadatun Abdullah, Nurjanah nurjanah

Abstract: Local mussel (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) is one aquatic commodity that has high enough potential. Mussel shell is solid waste that has not been used optimally. The purpose of this research is to study the physical and chemical characteristics shells and mussel shell flour with the different of size and body length. The observed parameters include the physical characteristics of shells, yield, chitin, flour yield, degree of white, proximate contents, pH, minerals and mineral solubility determination of mussel shell flour. Mussel obtained from waters Situ Gede has length between 72-103 mm, 31-47 mm high and 13-34 mm thick. Mussel shells in all size contained chitin ranging from 0,72% to 0,75%. Mussel shell flour measuring < 90 mm 20% larger than the size of mussel ≥ 90 mm. Mussel shell flour measuring < 90 mm has a value of 5% degrees whiter than white shell size ≥ 90 mm. Shell flour has a water content between 1,19-1,2%, 93,14-93,34% of ash, 1,85-2,31% of protein, 0,66-0,72% of fat, carbohydrate by difference 2,62-2,94% with a pH range of 8,5-8,9. Mussel shell flour has a mineral content, respectively from the largest which are calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. The calcium and phosphorus mussels flour shell has an optimal value for solubility at pH 2. Mussel shells contained chitin ranged from 0,72% to 0,75%. Mussel shell size difference gave a significantly different effect on the physical characteristics of the mussel shell flour produced but did not influence significantly different to the chemical characteristics of the mussel shell flour produced.

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Intracellular Ca2+ Regulation in Calcium Sensitive Phenotype of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract: Intracellular cytosolic Ca2+ concentration accumulation plays an essential information in Saccharomyces cerevisiae i.e. to explain cellular mechanism of Ca2+ sensitive phenotype. Disruption both S. cerevisiae PPase PTP2 and MSG5 genes showed an inhibited growth in the presence of Ca2+. On the other hand, by using Luminocounter with apoaequorin system, a method based upon luminescent photoprotein aequorin, intracellular Ca2+ concentration was accumulated as a consequence of calcium sensitive phenotype of S. cerevisiae. This fact indicated that PPase ptp2D and msg5D were involved in intracellular Ca2+ transport in addition their already known pathways i.e Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase cell wall integrity pathway, high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, and pheromone response FUS3 pathway.

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Fishing Vessel Safety from National and International Regulations Point of View

Abstract: Fishing is a high risk occupation compared to other occupations. Charachteristics of the occupational in fishing vessel are dangerous, dirty and difficult, known as “3d”. Generally, fishing vessels size is relatively small size, majority under 24 m length, sailing and fishing in bad weather with rough sea with unskilled crews, so that those factors can increase the fatality rate of the fishing vessel crews. Fishing vessel safety is a complex interactions among human factor (skipper and crew’s members), machines (fishing vessel and safety equipment) and environmental (weather and fisheries management). Fishing safety problems emerge when minimum one of those elements of human factor, machines or environment is misfucntion. The objectives of this research is to identify national and international safety regulations for fishing vessel and also relationship between fishing vessel and merchant vessel safety policies in Indonesia. Research was carried out from May 2008 – March 2009. Data was collected from any kind of source, such as Agency for Marine and Human Resource Development, Directorate General of Capture Fisheries, Tegal Coastal Fishing Port, Pekalongan Archipelago Fishing Port, Cilacap Ocean Fishing Port and Ministry of Communication. Fishing vessel safety policy basically is based on fishing vessel’s seaworthiness, watchkeeping/ship manning, safety equipment, and pollution prevention from the ship activities in national level as well as international level. Fishing vessel seaworthiness and watchkeeping/ship manning policies as a control function from the goverment to the parties involved in fishing activities to increase safety of crews, fishing vessel and sea environment from fishing vessel activities. Due to the characteristics of the working conditions on fishing vessel, more complex social environment of the fishermen and great number of fishermen in Indonesia, regulations on fishing vessel safety; watchkeeping/ship manning; works in fishing; education, training and certification of fishing vessel personnel; and fishing port, should be separated from the merchant ship safety regulations as international organizations did. Fishing is a high risk occupation compared to other occupations. Charachteristics of the occupational in fishing vessel are dangerous, dirty and difficult, known as “3d”. Generally, fishing vessels size is relatively small size, majority under 24 m length, sailing and fishing in bad weather with rough sea with unskilled crews, so that those factors can increase the fatality rate of the fishing vessel crews. Fishing vessel safety is a complex interactions among human factor (skipper and crew’s members), machines (fishing vessel and safety equipment) and environmental (weather and fisheries management). Fishing safety problems emerge when minimum one of those elements of human factor, machines or environment is misfucntion. The objectives of this research is to identify national and international safety regulations for fishing vessel and also relationship between fishing vessel and merchant vessel safety policies in Indonesia. Research was carried out from May 2008 – March 2009. Data was collected from any kind of source, such as Agency for Marine and Human Resource Development, Directorate General of Capture Fisheries, Tegal Coastal Fishing Port, Pekalongan Archipelago Fishing Port, Cilacap Ocean Fishing Port and Ministry of Communication. Fishing vessel safety policy basically is based on fishing vessel’s seaworthiness, watchkeeping/ship manning, safety equipment, and pollution prevention from the ship activities in national level as well as international level. Fishing vessel seaworthiness and watchkeeping/ship manning policies as a control function from the goverment to the parties involved in fishing activities to increase safety of crews, fishing vessel and sea environment from fishing vessel activities. Due to the characteristics of the working conditions on fishing vessel, more complex social environment of the fishermen and great number of fishermen in Indonesia, regulations on fishing vessel safety; watchkeeping/ship manning; works in fishing; education, training and certification of fishing vessel personnel; and fishing port, should be separated from the merchant ship safety regulations as international organizations did.

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FIRST RECORD OF Cantherhines multilineatus (TANAKA, 1918) (TETRAODONTIFORMES: MONACANTHIDAE) IN INDONESIA

Two specimens of Cantherhines multilineatus were collected from Girian Fish Market, Bitung, North Sulawesi on January 7 and August 18, 2009. It was caught from depths of about 20–30 m in association with other coral reef fishes. In the world, this species is found in many scattered locations in the Western Indian Ocean, Eastern Indian Ocean, Northwest Pacific and Western Central Pacific and its distribution was reported from Taiwan and Japan. Its morphological features and diagnostic characters are discussed and illustrated.

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The Giving Aid Mechanism to the Fishers at Labuhan Bhakti Village, Simeulue District, Nanggroe Aceh Darrussalam Province

Abstract: Specially, tsunami has big impact for fishers. The aim of this paper is to recite the aid mechanism for fishers after tsunami and earthquake at Labuhan Bhakti Village, Simeulue District Nanggroe Aceh Darrussalam Province. This reaserch was done by using case study approach in term to see fishers aid mechanism. Primary and secondary data was used. Data was collected by using survey approach to responden that contain semi-structure interview with some data topics as a guideline. Descriptive analysis was used to analize primary and secondary data. The result shows that earthquake and tsunami that happened in Simeulue District has destroyed facilities in marine and fisheries sector, include fishers victims. Steps in giving aid mechanism to the fishers at Simelue District; Choosing location for aid receiver and assistant group, arranging in phases that contents registers, re-registers, confirmation, administration and organization strenghten. Then, it was continued by capital strenghten, productive effort and network strenghten to the development phase. Assistance programe has been done successfully by the local fishers that showed by two aspects : society response and economy aspect. The study suggests that donation or aid mechanism has to be considered with social-culture condition and customs in fishing, so that the aid can be useful for the fishers through need assessment process done quickly, exactly and directed.

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Impacts of Macroeconomic Policy on The Performance of Fisheries Sector in Indonesia: An Econometrics Approach

Abstract: This research was intended to analyze the impact of macroeconomic policy on the performance of the fisheries sector. The Econometric model was built in terms of simultaneous equations system, which include macroeconomic policy variables. The impact analysis was elaborated into three periods, i.e. the period before the economic crisis (1993-1996), the period of economic crisis (1997-2000), and the forecasting period (2003-2007). The results of the macroeconomic policies of: (1) depreciation in exchange rate of rupiah, (2) the increasing of credit in fisheries sector, (3) the increasing of investment in fisheries sector, (4) the combination of the decreasing of interest rate and the increasing of credit in fisheries sector, and (5) the policy combination 1, 3 and 4 for the forecasting period 2003-2007 could increase the performance of fisheries sector in terms of production, consumption and fisheries export. The depreciation in exchange rate of rupiah, the increasing of credit or investment in fisheries sector (single policy) could increase the performance of fisheries sector. The performance of fisheries sector will be keep increasing by combining policies of: ecreasing of interest rate, increasing of credit in fisheries sector and increasing of investment in fisheries sector at condition depreciations in exchange rate of rupiah.

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Fisheries Sector Linkages in The National Economy: An Input-Output Approach

Abstract: Fisheries sector linkage in National Economy will determine the strategic roles of the sector for its development and National Economic recovery. In line with this, a study was conducted to determine backward and forward linkage of the sector using input output model approach. Secondary data were used, that are input output tables of the year 1990, 1995 and 2000. The results of the study showed that during the period of 1990 - 2000, the average linkage of these sector in National Economy are relatively weak with the index of linkage approximately of 0,46 - 1,10. Stronger backward linkage was observed in inland fisheries, while stronger forward linkage demonstrated on industrial fish processing and preservation. The linkage of primary fisheries group (sea and inland fisheries) to the secondary fisheries group (industrial fish processing) indicating the forward linkage such as fish supply as raw materials. However, the linkage is relatively weak.

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Optimal Exploitation Of Life Reef Fish For Food (LRFF) In The Spermonde Islands Of South Sulawesi

Abstract: This research aimed to understand about the LRFF resources exploitation rate and its optimal used in the Spermonde Islands. The research was conducted in Spermonde Island of South Sulawesi. This research was used surplus production model with logistic growth function. Management model of LRFF resources based on maximum economic yield, maximum sustainable yield and open access regimes. Results showed that optimal biomass, optimal production and optimal effort at maximum economic yield were obtained at 5.120 ton, 1.047 ton and 284.792 trip. Sustainable biomass, productions and effort at maximum sustainable yield were 4.154 ton, 1.107 ton and 371.128 trip. Maximum biomass, productions and effort at open access were 1.933 ton, 790 ton and 569.584 trip. Economic rent obtained if applying regime of MEY was Rp 41.587.148.882, regime MSY was Rp 37.765.171.742 and regime open access was Rp.0. Exploitation of LRFF at Spermonde Island had indicated over fishing, because actual productions was greater than optimal productions. Therefore, on optimal management of LRFF fisheries resource is required to ensure long-term sustainability of the LRFF.

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Indonesian Aquaculture Production

Aquaculture Area: In Indonesia the extent of areas with aquaculture potential is around 11.81 million hectares, consisting of 2.22 million hectares with potential for freshwater aquaculture, 1.22 million hectares with potential for brackishwater aquaculture and 8.36 million hectares with marine culture potential. Currently, exploitation of this potential has only reached 10.14 % for freshwater aquaculture, 36.99 % for brackishwater aquaculture and 1.01 % for marine culture.
Aquaculture fisheries production: The total national aquaculture production in 2007 was 3.19 million MT. Which is still low if derided the potential area which is available for aquaculture. Therefore there is still great
potential for growth in terms of area.
The bigger aquaculture productions in 2006 were seaweed (1.73 million MT), second is shrimp (0.36 million MT), Common carp (0.264 million MT), Milk fish (0.263 million MT), nile tilapia (0.207 million MT), Java barb (0.092 million MT), Cat fishes (0.037 million MT), Giant Gouramy (0.036 million MT) and Shells (0.016 million MT).
The main producing area are East Nusa Tenggara Province for marine culture (504,709 MT), South Sulawesi Province for brackishwater (297,677 MT) and West Java Province for freshwater production (288,696 MT). The bigger number of fish farmer in marine culture is South Sulawesi Province (84,100 persons), while in brackishwater farmer is South Sulawesi Province (136,108 persons) and in freshwater farmer is West Java Province (624,711 persons).

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