Performance and Meat Cholesterol Content of Broiler Chickens Fed Pluchea indica L. Leaf Meal Reared under Stress Condition

A Sudarman, Sumiati, H Solikhah

Abstract: This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary addition Pluchea indica L. leaf meal on performances and meat cholesterol content of broiler. One hundred sixty two DOC CP707 strain were reared for four weeks in high stocking density of 15 birds/m2. The birds were fed experimental diets consisted of R1 (commercial feed + Vitastress), R2 (commercial feed + 2% P. indica leaf meal), R3 (commercial feed + 4% P. indica leaf meal), R4 (commercial feed + 6% P. indica leaf meal), and R5 (commercial feed + 8% P. indica leaf meal). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and any significant differences were further tested using least significance difference (LSD) test. The treatment significantly increased (P < 0.05) final body weight, body weight gain, feed and water intake, and decreased (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio. It is concluded that P. indica leaf meal could be added into a diet at the level of 2%. P. indica leaf meal addition at the level of 2% into a diet is also able to decrease the cholesterol content of broiler meat up to 8%.

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Laying Performance of Wareng Chicken under Free Choice Feeding and Different Cage Density

S Iskandar

Abstract: The aim of the experiment was to explore the possibility of using free choice feeding technique under different cage density for unselected native chicken. Eighty hens of laying Wareng chicken were divided into two feeding systems. Half of them were fed complete commercial diet of 17% crude protein, with 2800 kcal ME/kg and the other half were subjected to free choice diet. The diets were in mash form and placed in sufficient feed troughs in front of each cage. Each cage was occupied by four or six hens. Free choice feeding hens were served with commercial concentrate (30% crude protein), ground corn and oyster shell, placed separately in feed troughs. Observation was carried out during 24 weeks laying period, starting from 20 to 44 weeks of age. The results showed that egg production (9.35% hen day), and the intake of feed (42.74 g/day), protein (7.01 g/day), energy (116.6 kcal ME/day), calcium (1.99 g/day and phosphorus (0.22 g/day) were not affected (P>0.05) by feeding system nor by cage density. The results however indicated that free choice feeding technique provided sufficient nutrients in supporting maximum egg production of unselected native chicken.

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Compensatory Growth and Production Efficiency of Broiler Chickens Exposed to Feeding Time Restriction

A Azis, H Abbas, Y Heryandi, E Kusnadi

Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of feeding time restriction on compensatory growth and production efficiency of broiler chickens. Four hundred of 7 days-old unsexed broiler chicken of Lohmann commercial strain were used in the experiment. The treatments were: bird fed ad libitum as a control treatment (R-0); bird had free access to feed during two periods of 2 hours (08:00-10:00 and 16:00-18:00) from 7-14 days of age (R-1) and 7-21 days of age (R-2); bird had free access to feed during two periods of 4 hours (08:00-12:00 and 16:00-20:00) from 7-14 days of age (R-3) and 7-21 days of age (R-4). The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Feed intake and body weight gain of chicken exposed to feeding time restriction on R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4 were lower (P < 0.01) than those of chicken fed ad libitum. There were no significant different on feed intake and body weight gain during realimentation period. Compensatory growth occured on R-2 and R-4 during the 28 to 42 days of age and similar body weight with control at age 42 days. Feed conversion ratio on R-2 and R-4 were lower (P < 0.01) feeding time restriction (7-21 days) and realimentation period (28-35 days). It was concluded that feeding time restriction for 8 hours per day from 7 to 21 days of age indicated compensatory growth and similar body weight and had better feed cost and production index than that of control.

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Protection of Unsaturated Fatty Acid in Crude Palm Oil from Sheep Microbial Activity in Vitro

N C Tiven, L M Yusiati, . Rusman, U Santoso

Abstract: The experiment was aimed to study the composition of unsaturated fatty acid, fermentation parameter and microbial activity in the rumen-buffer mixture when protected CPO with casein and formaldehyde was incubated in the in vitro fermentation. CPO and milk powder (1:2) were mixed, added technical formaldehyde 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight of blend, mixed again to form CCPO. The amount of 0% (0 mg), 1.5% (4.5 mg), 3% (9 mg), 4.5% (13.5 mg) and 6% (18 mg) CCPO was inserted into fermenter bottles containing napier grass and rice bran (60:40), was tested in vitro. The data were analyzed by completely randomized design with factorial pattern 4 x 5 (level of formaldehyde as factor A and level of CPO as factor B). The different of treatments were tested by Duncan's new multiple range test. Result shows that the increase of formaldehyde level could increase unsaturated fatty acids content, CMC-ase activity, microbial protein and number of protozoa, but decreased NH3, VFA, and pH of rumen fluid. The increase of CPO level also increased fatty acid composition and microbial protein, but decreased NH3, VFA, and pH, CMC-ase activity and number of protozoa in rumen fluid. It can be concluded that encapsulated CPO with formaldehyde increased unsaturated fatty acid composition and microbial activity, but decreased fermentation parameters.

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Goat Performance Fed with Fermented Cocoa Pod Hus

Suparjo, K G Wiryawan, E B Laconi, D Mangunwidjaja

Abstract: Utilization of cocoa pod husk (CPH) as feedstuff needs pretreatment to increase its nutrients availability. Bioconversion with Phanerochaete chrysosporium changes its structure by breaking down the linkage between lignin and structural carbohydrates. This experiment was aimed to evaluate the quality of fermented CPH biomass as feed for goats. The experimental treatments i.e.: A= 30% of fresh napier grass (RG) + 50% of dried RG + 20% of concentrate; B= 30% of fresh RG + 30% of dried RG + 40% of concentrate; C= 30% of fresh RG + 30% of CPH + 40% of concentrate; D= 30% of fresh RG + 30% of fermented CPH + 40% of concentrate and E= 30% of fresh RG + 50% of fermented CPH + 20% of concentrate. The treatments were allocated in a randomized block design with three replications. Feed intake, body weight gain and ration efficiency were measured. The use of fermented CPH at the level of 30% had higher (P < 0.05) feed intake (560.33 g day-1), body weight gain (101.79 g head-1 day-1), and feed conversion (5.50) compared to other treatments. In conclusion that the use of 30% fermented CPH in the ration showed the best body weight gain and feed efficiency.

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Kinds and Tannin Content of Anoa Diets (Bubalus sp.)

M Basri, . Rukmi

Abstract: Study of kinds and tannin content of diets consumed by anoa is limited. This information is very important and necessary for anoa domestication. The aims of this research were to obtain information on kinds and tannin content of anoa diets. The research was conducted in forest of Pangi Binangga nature reserve and Lore Lindu National Park, province of Central Sulawesi in March to November 2009. Digestive content analyses method was used to study the kinds of diets consumed by anoa. Chromatography was used for tannin analysis. Results of the digestive content analysis found ten kinds of anoa diets, i.e. Ficus miquelly, Caryota mitis, Ficus ampelas, Syzigium sp., Cordia mixab, Paspalum conjugatum, Smilax leocophylla, Saccarum spontaneum, Isachne globosa and Imperata cylindrica. The proportion of the diets were 60%, 45%, 35%, 17%, 12%, 10%, 8%, 8%, 5%, and 4%, respectively. Three of six diets namely Ficus miquelly, Saccarum spontaneum and Isachne globosa contained low tannin. The tannin content of three diets was 0.34%, 0.61%, and 0.99%, respectively. It is concluded that anoa in forest prefer diets that contain low tannin, such as Ficus fruits, shoots of shrubs.

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Characterization of Partial Coding Region Fibroin Gene on Wild Silkmoth Cricula trifenestrata Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Suriana, D D Solihin, R R Noor, A M Thohari

Abstract: The study was conducted to characterize coding region of wild silkmoth C. trifenestrata partial fibroin gene, and detect these gene potential as molecular marker. A total of six larvae C. trifenestrata were collected from Bogor, Purwakarta and Bantul Regency. Genomic DNA was extracted from silk gland individual larvae, then amplified by PCR method and sequenced. DNA sequenced result was 986 nucleotide partial fibroin gene of C. trifenestrata, which are comprising complete coding region of first exon (42 nucleotide), an intron (113 nucleotide), and partial of second was exon (831 nucleotide). Only coding region was characterized. Results showed that first exon very conserved in C. trifenestrata. These gene consisted of 31%, thymine, 28% guanine, 21% cytosine, and 19% adenine. Cytosine and thymine (sites of 25th and 35th respectively) were marker for C. trifenestrata species. The first exon encoding 14 amino acids. Valine amino acid (12th site) was marker to the species C. trifenestrata. The partial second exon consisted of guanine (32.7%), alanine (26.5%), thymine (21%) and cytosine (19.7%). These region encoded 277 amino acids, which were dominated by the alanine (27.8%) and glycine (21.66%). Alanine formed polyalanine sequence with different motifs namely: AAAAAAASS, AAAAAAAAAAAGSSG, AAAAAAAAAAAAGSGTGFGGYDS, AAAAAAAAAAGSSGRGGYDGVDGGYGSGSS, and AAAAAAAAAAAAGSSGRGLGGYDGWVDDGYGSGSGS.

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Muscle Growth and Distribution in Fattening Steer of Different Breeds

R Priyanto, E R Johnson

Abstract: The breed patterns in growth and distribution of muscle were studied using three breeds of beef cattle entering fattening phase. This study involved 23 grass-fed steer Brahman, 24 Hereford and 22 Brahman x Hereford crosses with a live weight range of 300 to 600 kgs. An allometric Huxley model was used to study the growth and distribution patterns of muscle tissue within wholesale cut. There were several cuts in which the muscle growth coefficients were significantly different among breeds. Comparisons of muscle weight distribution at log natural of 75 kg side muscle + bone weight (4.313 kg) generally showed significant between-breed differences. Herefords tended to have more muscles in their wholesale cuts than Brahmans and/or Brahman x Hereford crosses, except the muscles in Tenderloin, Rib Set and Chuck. Brahmans had heavier Topside and Silverside than Herefords and Brahman x Hereford crosses and the differences were maintained at log natural of 114 kg side muscle + bone weight (4.733 kg). At this heavier weight, there was a general tendency for Brahmans to have more muscle in their wholesale cuts than the Brahman x Hereford steers, except the muscle in Loin and Neck + Sticking.

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PCR-RFLP Using BseDI Enzyme for Pork Authentication in Sausage and Nugget Products

Y Erwanto, M Z Abidin, A Rohman, . Sismindari

Abstract: A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using BseDI restriction enzyme had been applied for identifying the presence of pork in processed meat (beef sausage and chicken nugget) including before and after frying. Pork sample in various levels (1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 25 %) was prepared in a mixture with beef and chicken meats and processed for sausage and nugget. The primers CYTb1 and CYTb2 were designed in the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene and PCR successfully amplified fragments of 359 bp. To distinguish existence of porcine species, the amplified PCR products of mitochondrial DNA were cut by BseDI restriction enzyme. The result showed pig mitochondrial DNA was cut into 131 and 228 bp fragments. The PCR-RFLP species identification assay yielded excellent results for identification of porcine species. It is a potentially reliable technique for pork detection in animal food processed products for Halal authentication.

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Hematology Profile of Rattus norvegicus Infected by Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Fed Probiotics

M Astawan, T Wresdiyati, I I Arief, E Suhesti

Abstract: In Indonesia, diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children after ISPA (Acute Respiratory Infection). This study aimed to test the ability of probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum 2C12 and Lactobacillus acidophilus 2B4, as an indigenous anti-diarrhea in rats exposed to Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and find out their impact on erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, thrombocytes, and leukocytes. A total of 95 male rats Sparague Dawley strain were alocated into six treatment groups: (1) negative control, (2) L. plantarum 2C12, (3) L. acidophilus 2B4, (4) L. plantarum 2C12 + EPEC, (5) L. acidophilus 2B4 + EPEC, and (6) positive control (exposed to EPEC). Probiotics were given from day 1 up to 21, whereas 106 cfu/ml EPEC was administered orally from day 8 to 14. On day 21, the number of erythrocytes, hematocrit and hemoglobin were the lowest (7.07 million/µl; 39.13%; 14.50 g/dl) in the positive group of rats. The positive control group had lower number of thrombocytes (389 thousand/ µl) (P < 0.05) with the negative control and the L. plantarum 2C12 groups, but not significantly different to the other groups. The number of leucocytes in the positive control rats (4433 cell/µl) was lower (P < 0.05) than that of the negative control, L. plantarum 2C12, and the L. acidophilus 2B4 groups, but no significant difference to the other groups. L. plantarum 2C12 had better ability than L. acidophilus 2B4 in maintaining the number of erythrocytes, hematocrit, and hemoglobin of rat infected by EPEC.

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Association of Polymorphisms Calpastatin Gene with Body Weight of Local Sheep in Jonggol, Indonesia

Sutikno, M Yamin, C Sumantri

Abstract: Calpastatin (CAST) gene is located on the fifth chromosome of sheep and plays important roles in formation of muscles and meat tenderness after slaughtering. Association of genetic polymorphism in the CAST gene locus MspI and NcoI with body weight was examined in local sheep from Jonggol Animal Science Teaching and Research Unit (JASTRU), Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University. The genotypes for CAST were determined by the PCR-RLFP method. Blood samples were collected from 264 local sheep belonging to JASTRU located in Singosari Village, Bogor District, West Java Province. Extraction of genomic DNA was based on the phenol chloroform method. CAST locus MspI had three genotypes including in MM, MN and NN with frequencies of 0.75, 0.23, and 0.02 respectively. CAST locus NcoI had two genotypes including in MM and MN with frequencies of 0.92, 0.08 respectively. Chi-square test confirmed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the CAST locus MspI and NcoI. There was no significant effects (P>0.05) of CAST locus MspI and NcoI genotypes on body weight of local sheep in JASTRU.

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Addition of Water Soluble Carbohydrate Sources Prior to Ensilage for Ramie Leaves Silage Qualities Improvement

Despal, I G Permana, S N Safarina, A J Tatra

Abstract: Quality improvement of ramie leaves silage by the addition of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) sources as many as 20% W/W fresh substance (FS) prior to 42 days of ensiling time was conducted in two experiments. First experiment examined three carbohydrate sources (cassava meal, pollard and coarse grinding corn) for their capacities to improve physical (color, odor, texture and spoilage), fermentative (pH, protein degradation, organic acid profiles), and utilities characteristics of the silages for ruminants (rumen fermentabilities and digestibilities) in vitro. The silages had bright greenish brown of color, lactic acid odor, and firm textures, categorized as highly fermentable and digestible feeds (dry matter digestibility >72%). Compare to other additives, cassava meal produced better silage. However, high butyric acid and protein degradation proportions in the silage were not seem in line to these data. Coarse grinding corn failed to do its function therefore produced poor silage quality. Second experiment was designed to confirm the previous results. Five carbohydrate sources (cassava meal, pollard, fine grinding corn, rice bran, and cassava extract meal) of the same functions were examined. The results confirmed that cassava meal produced very good ramie leave silages (Fleigh number >80) while the others produced quite good ramie leaves silage qualities (Fleigh number 40-60). All additives used in the second experiment successed to serve their functions in improving ramie leave silage qualities.

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The study was conducted to investigate the effect of preservation methods and storage length on the quality of broiler crow feet skin.

Ambar Pertiwiningrum, 1991

Abstract: Seventy five (75) crow-feet skins of broiler 01 Hubbard strain were used in this study. The broiler, were killed at 6 weeks old, and the skin samples were randomly devided into 3 groups of preservation, namel) sun drying (SD), salted drying (SaD) and wet-saltinl (WS). Each group was devided into 4 storage lengtl treatments, namely 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. The dau collected were analysed by using a 3 x 3 factorial o variance, analysis for chemical composition, and 3 x z for physical property, while the significant means wen tested by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (D)
The results indicated that there were significant differences (P < 0,01) due to preservation on water content, protein, fat content, tensile strength and shrinkage temperature. The values were : 16.45%, 21.26% aand 30.50% (samples weight) for water content; 45.43%, 45.00% and 44.30% (DM) for protein content and 21.45%, 20.73% and 19.87% (DM) for fat content, 11,65, 9,22 and 5.54 kg/cm2 for tensile strength; and 62.88°C, 60.35°C and 59.60°C for shrinkage temnperature, respectively for SD, SaD, and WS of preservation methods. The storage length significantly affected (P < 0,01) water content, protein, fat, tensile strength and shrinkage temperature, and elongated. The values were 19.76%, 23.05% and 25.40% for water content, 45.94%, 45.43% and 43.70% for protein 21.85%, 21.20% and 19.05% for fat content, 11.96, 8.75, 7.41 and 7.09 kg/cm2 for tensile strength; 62.86°C, 61.59°C, 60.06°C and 59.260C for shrinkage temperature; and 33.82%, 35.45%, 39.18% and 50.10% for elongated, respectively.
The study was concluded that sun-drying resulted better quality than salted drying or wet salted of crowfeet skin. The longer preservaton of skin tended to decrease chemical composition, and due to decrease, physical property.

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In vitro development of Holstein and Japanese Black breeds embryo

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted with 3,457 oocytes, aspirated from the ovaries of slaugtered Holstein and Japanese Black breeds cows to compare the use of superovulated cow serum (SCS) and fetal calf serum (FCS) supplementation into medium for in vitro development (experiment I) and the effect of different sources of oocyte (experiment II). The endpoint was development to cleavage on day 2 and to blastocyt up to day 9 after insemination. In experiment I, oocyte were matured and cultured in vitro (after fertilization)in TCM-199 sipplemented with 5 % SCS or 5 % FCS. The cleavage rate of zygotes cultured in medium supplemented with 5 % SCS was higher (P<0,05) than 5 % FCS (562/860, 65,3 % vs 445.742, 60,0 %). The blastocyt production rate was significantly highe (P<0,01) in SCS treatment than FCS (232/860, 27,0 % vs 124/742, 16,7 %). In experiment II, 956 oocyte collected from Holstein breed and 899 oocyte from Japanese Black breed were matured in fertilized and cultured in vitro in medium supplemented with 5 % SCS. The mean oocyte number and blastocyt production per ovary were 12,0 (956/80) and 3,2 (252/80) for Holstein breed, 15,0 (899/60) and 3,1 (184/60) for Japanese Black breed. The cleavage rate of zygotes derived from Holstein and Japanese Black breeds ovaries was not significantly different . However, the blastocyst production rate was significantly higher in Holstein than Japanese Black breeds.

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Sero-epidemiological studies of Trypanosoma evansi in cattle and buffalo using card agglutination test (CATT) in West Java, Indonesia

Abstract: Sero-epidemiological studies on surra was conducted in West Java. Blood samples were collected from 237 cattle and 48 buffaloes in 5 milk producer cooperation in Bogor, Sukabumi and also buffalo blood samples from slaugrther house in Bokor. Whole blood was examined for trypanosomes by the microhaematocrit (MHCT) method and serum samples were examined for the presence of antibodies against T. evansi with Card Agglunation Test (CATT). T. evansi was detected by MHCT in 1,3 % and 2,1 % while antibodies were detected in 10 % and 66,7 % of the cattle and buffaloes examined, respectively. The percentage of animals are which parasitologically positive for T. evansi is low, however sero-diagnosticically is quite high. It was suggested that this was a chronic case in the population of animals.

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Haematological Values For Captive Sambar Deer (Cervus unucolor)

Abstract: Nine tame young (10-14 months of age) housed sambar, consisted of 5 stags and 4 hinds, were blood sampled in May 1992 (late autumn) and September 1992 (early spring) using physical restraint without sedation. In May 1992, four semidomesticated adult sambar stags in hard antler, managed at pasture, were sedated using a mixture of xylazine hydrochloride (Rompun, Bayer, NZ)and fentanyl citrate-azaperone(Fentaz, Ethnor Pty. Ltd. North Ryde, Australia), at a ratio of 3:1, administered by a tranquillizer dart (Paxarms Ltd, Timaru, NZ) and were blood sampled. All samples were analyzed for standard haematological analysis (Hill et al.1992).

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The Use of Indirect Enzyme -Linked Immunosorbent Assay (IND-Elisa) for Monitoring Of Subclinical Infection of Pseudomonas pseudomallei In the Piggeries

Abstract: Based on both routine abattoir inspection methods for pig carcasses and bacterial culture three piggeries in Arys, northern Queensland Australia,were declared as being subclinically infected with Pseudomonas pseudomallei, and on the ground of public health the animal carcasses derived from the respective were condernned for human comsumption. In attempts to safeguard surrounding areas from contamination, the affected farms were isolated and the infection rates either in pigs among the affected piggeries or in any susceptible animals existing in the areas, such as goats were regularly monitored by employing an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IND-ELISA). Over a period of one year, tested serum samples were collected at an interval of 16 weeks simultaneously with abattoir inspections on slaughtered animals supplied by the respective piggeries. On the basis of seroreactivity determined by the IND-ELISA, gross pathological changes depicted by abscesses were found to be strongly associated (p<0,05)with serological evidence. It was also showed that cases of the disease appear to be localized in the three piggeries with previous history of the subclinical infections. However, neither goat herds nor pig farms with no history of subclinical melioidosis in the areas were detected to be seropositive. Furthermore it was noted that a number of seroreactors in the affected farms indicated during monsoon appeared to be significantly higher (p<0.01) than that detected during dry season.

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Quality of Epididymal and Ejaculated Sperms of Spotted Buffalo in Dextrose Supplemented Extender

Abstract: Quality of epididymal and ejaculated sperms of spotted buffalo in three different extenders (i.e. Andromed, Andromed supplemented with 0.2% dextrose, and Andromed supplemented with 0.4% dextrose) was studied. The results showed that there was no significantly different (P > 0.05) quality of ejaculated and epididymal sperms. The motility percentage of post thawing epididymal and ejaculated sperms was 41-46% and 41-45%, respectively. And percentage of cytoplasmic membrane integrity of the post thawing epididymal and ejaculated sperms was 66-67% and 47-54% respectively. There was also no significant different (P > 0.05) in the percentage of cytoplasmic membrane integrity between the extenders of both ejaculated and epididymal sperms. This result suggested that epididymal sperms were reliable for artificial insemination as good as ejaculated sperms.

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The Role Of Milk And Milk Products In Human Menu

Foods derived from animals including milk provides nutrients better and more balanced than the foods of plant origin. Milk provides most of the animal protein consumed by humans in the United States, Canada, almost all countries in Europe, New Zealand, Australia and Uruguay. In developing countries, consumption of animal protein is only 9 grams per capita per day, compared with more than 44 grams per capita per day in a country that has advanced. FAO has launched a program minimum period of consumption 60 grams protein and 10 grams animal protein. Provision of animal protein in some countries are still far below the minimum standard. Based on the needs of Widyakarya NASLIPI 1979 in Indonesia, 50 grams protein and 15 grams of them consisting of animal protein derived from fish 10 grams and 5 grams come from animal. Total consumption of animal protein from cattle five grains is expected to be met from consumption of meat 8.1 kg, 2.2 kg of eggs, milk and 2.2 liters per capita per year.
However, because achieving the above targets is difficult and considered the provision of meat 8.1 kg per capita per year is very damning piece of livestock population growth, then in 1983 in Widyakarya NASLIPI held re-planning targets Indonesia with achievement of the nutrition society cut its consumption of animal protein from cattle of 4 grams per capita per day and charged each one equivalent to the consumption of 4 kg of milk, eggs 4 kg and 6 kg of meat per capita per year. In this world there are more than 3 million cattle and a similar number in poultry. Although 60% of the world's livestock are in developing countries, these countries only producing a quarter of the production of meat, milk and eggs worldwide. The total production of livestock products are actually capable of providing animal protein by 20 grams per capita per day, but the problem is spread to areas that lack. Increased production of the world's animal protein is expected to rise until 1990 after it declined when the population continues to increase.

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